Se conoce como asistencia sanitaria en España, y como atención médica, asistencia médica, atención sanitaria o atención de salud en algunos países latinoamericanos, al conjunto de servicios que se proporcionan al individuo, con el fin de promover, proteger y restaurar su salud. La asistencia sanitaria es básicamente un servicio o un bien económico intangible de tal forma que "El servicio llamado asistencia sanitaria es el que presta un agente u operador especializado para las personas que sienten o tienen manifestaciones de alteraciones en su estado de salud y que además este servicio se presta bajo unas determinadas condiciones de seguridad y por quien está en posesión de un determinado conocimiento, es decir, es un servicio especializado y singular que solo lo pueden dar personas autorizadas o acreditadas y en centros autorizados". "La singularidad del servicio prestado en un centro asistencial viene determinada por muchos factores que abarcan desde su cultura hasta por la gran influencia de otros sectores de la economía". "El tipo de servicio que representa la atención sanitaria se puede diferenciar en base a una serie de condicionantes, que son por una parte, el objeto y la condición de servicio, por otra parte, el motivo de consulta y el tiempo previsión de la actividad -pudiendo ser esta asistencia programada o no programada- y en caso de esta última modalidad, puede presentarse con requerimiento de urgencia o sin él. Otra distinción del servicio se basa en el lugar en dónde se realiza la atención, pudiéndose tratar de una atención intramuros, las que se realizan dentro de los centros sanitarios, o extramuros, las que se llevan a cabo fuera de estos, y a su vez, la atención intramuros puede ser una atención con ingreso hospitalario o sin ingreso y en este último supuesto, con intervención quirúrgica o terapéutica invasiva o sin intervención alguna. En la modalidad extramuros, fuera del hospital, puede requerir estancia y reposo en domicilio –hospitalización a domicilio- o sin este requerimiento".

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Health care or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings. Health care is delivered by health professionals (providers or practitioners) in allied health professions, chiropractic, physicians, physician associates, dentistry, midwifery, nursing, medicine, optometry, pharmacy, psychology, and other health professions. It includes the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. Access to health care varies across countries, groups, and individuals, largely influenced by social and economic conditions as well as the health policies in place. Countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies. Health care systems are organizations established to meet the health needs of target populations. Their exact configuration varies between national and subnational entities. In some countries and jurisdictions, health care planning is distributed among market participants, whereas in others, planning occurs more centrally among governments or other coordinating bodies. In all cases, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning health care system requires a robust financing mechanism; a well-trained and adequately-paid workforce; reliable information on which to base decisions and policies; and well maintained health facilities and logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies. Health care can contribute to a significant part of a country's economy. In 2011, the health care industry consumed an average of 9.3 percent of the GDP or US$ 3,322 (PPP-adjusted) per capita across the 34 members of OECD countries. The USA (17.7%, or US$ PPP 8,508), the Netherlands (11.9%, 5,099), France (11.6%, 4,118), Germany (11.3%, 4,495), Canada (11.2%, 5669), and Switzerland (11%, 5,634) were the top spenders, however life expectancy in total population at birth was highest in Switzerland (82.8 years), Japan and Italy (82.7), Spain and Iceland (82.4), France (82.2) and Australia(82.0), while OECD's average exceeds 80 years for the first time ever in 2011: 80.1 years, a gain of 10 years since 1970. The USA (78.7 years) ranges only on place 26 among the 34 OECD member countries, but has the highest costs by far. All OECD countries have achieved universal (or almostuniversal) health coverage, except Mexico and the USA. (see also international comparisons.) Health care is conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health and well-being of people around the world. An example of this was the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO as the first disease in human history to be completely eliminated by deliberate health care interventions.

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