Existe debate sobre en qué consiste exactamente la conciencia. En el área de la inteligencia artificial se ha trabajado la idea de crear máquinas o software suficientemente complejos como para dar lugar a una conciencia artificial, pero algunos han negado la posibilidad de que una computadora pueda dar lugar a algo genuinamente indistinguible de una conciencia. El test de Turing propuesto en 1950 aborda ese problema, hasta la actualidad (2016) ningún programador ha conseguido con éxito superar satisfactoriamente dicho test (si bien un bot conversacional bautizado como Eugene Goostman de 2014, logró engañar gran parte de un jurado de humanos que fueron usados para dicho test).

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Conscience is an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment that assists in distinguishing right from wrong. Moral judgment may derive from values or norms (principles and rules). In psychological terms conscience is often described as leading to feelings of remorse when a human commits actions that go against his/her moral values and to feelings of rectitude or integrity when actions conform to such norms. The extent to which conscience informs moral judgment before an action and whether such moral judgments are or should be based in reason has occasioned debate through much of the history of Western philosophy. Religious views of conscience usually see it as linked to a morality inherent in all humans, to a beneficent universe and/or to divinity. The diverse ritualistic, mythical, doctrinal, legal, institutional and material features of religion may not necessarily cohere with experiential, emotive, spiritual or contemplative considerations about the origin and operation of conscience. Common secular or scientific views regard the capacity for conscience as probably genetically determined, with its subject probably learned or imprinted (like language) as part of a culture. Commonly used metaphors for conscience include the "voice within" and the "inner light". Conscience, as is detailed in sections below, is a concept in national and international law, is increasingly conceived of as applying to the world as a whole, has motivated numerous notable acts for the public good and been the subject of many prominent examples of literature, music and film.

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