Se denomina reloj al instrumento capaz de medir el tiempo natural (días, años, fases lunares, etc.) en unidades convencionales (horas, minutos o segundos). Fundamentalmente permite conocer la hora actual, aunque puede tener otras funciones, como medir la duración de un suceso o activar una señal en cierta hora específica. Los relojes se utilizan desde la antigüedad y a medida que ha ido evolucionando la tecnología de su fabricación han ido apareciendo nuevos modelos con mayor precisión, mejores prestaciones y presentación y menor coste de fabricación. Es uno de los instrumentos más populares, ya que prácticamente muchas personas disponen de uno o varios relojes, principalmente de pulsera, de manera que en muchos hogares puede haber varios relojes, muchos electrodomésticos los incorporan en forma de relojes digitales y en cada computadora hay un reloj. El reloj, además de su función práctica, se ha convertido en un objeto de joyería, símbolo de distinción y valoración. La mayor precisión conseguida hasta ahora es la del último reloj atómico desarrollado por la Oficina Nacional de Normalización (NIST) de los Estados Unidos, el NIST-F1, puesto en marcha en 1999, es tan exacto que tiene un margen de error de solo un segundo cada 30 millones de años.

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A clock is an instrument to indicate, keep, and co-ordinate time. The word clock is derived ultimately (via Dutch, Northern French, and Medieval Latin) from the Celtic words clagan and clocca meaning "bell". A silent instrument missing such a striking mechanism has traditionally been known as a timepiece. In general usage today a "clock" refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time. Watches and other timepieces that can be carried on one's person are often distinguished from clocks. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to consistently measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units: the day, the lunar month, and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia. A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface. There are a range of duration timers, a well-known example being the hourglass. Water clocks, along with the sundials, are possibly the oldest time-measuring instruments. A major advance occurred with the invention of the verge escapement, which made possible the first mechanical clocks around 1300 in Europe, which kept time with oscillating timekeepers like balance wheels. Spring-driven clocks appeared during the 15th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries, clockmaking flourished. The next development in accuracy occurred after 1656 with the invention of the pendulum clock. A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time-keeping for navigation. The electric clock was patented in 1840. The development of electronics in the 20th century led to clocks with no clockwork parts at all. The timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object (resonator) that vibrates or oscillates repetitively at a precisely constant frequency.This object can be a pendulum, a tuning fork, a quartz crystal, or the vibration of electrons in atoms as they emit microwaves. Analog clocks usually indicate time using angles. Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display formats are commonly used on digital clocks: 24-hour notation and 12-hour notation. Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms and LCD, LED, or VFD displays. For convenience, distance, telephony or blindness, auditory clocks present the time as sounds. There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by using the sense of touch. Some of these are similar to normal analog displays, but are constructed so the hands can be felt without damaging them. The evolution of the technology of clocks continues today. The study of timekeeping is known as horology.

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