En psicología (en particular, en conductismo), se llama reforzamiento al procedimiento mediante el cual la aplicación de un estímulo (llamado reforzador) hace que aumente la probabilidad de que una conducta se repita en el futuro. El reforzador, al igual que los estímulos aversivos, se define en función de su efecto sobre la conducta, no por sus características inherentes. Es decir, aunque un estímulo pueda ser considerado en general como reforzador no lo será en los casos en que no haga más probable una conducta. Por ejemplo, la comida suele ser considerada como reforzador, pero para una persona que padece anorexia se considera un estímulo aversivo. La definición de reforzador se ha considerado a veces como circular: el reforzador es lo que refuerza la conducta; si la conducta es reforzada por un estímulo es que éste resulta reforzador. Paul E. Meehl propuso, en la década de 1950, el concepto de transituacionalidad para resolver este problema.

es.wikipedia.org · CC-BY-SA

In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior (e.g., pulling a lever more frequently), longer duration (e.g., pulling a lever for longer periods of time), greater magnitude (e.g., pulling a lever with greater force), or shorter latency (e.g., pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus). Rewarding stimuli, which are associated with "wanting" and "liking" (desire and pleasure, respectively) and appetitive behavior, function as positive reinforcers; the converse statement is also true: positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus. Reinforcement does not require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus. Thus, reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior. However, there is also negative reinforcement, which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus. An ibuprofen is a negative reinforcer because it takes away pain. In most cases, the term "reinforcement" refers to an enhancement of behavior, but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory; for example, "post-training reinforcement" refers to the provision of a stimulus (such as food) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth, detail, and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed. The memory-enhancing stimulus can also be one whose effects are directly rather than only indirectly emotional, as with the phenomenon of "flashbulb memory," in which an emotionally highly intense stimulus can incentivize memory of a set of a situation's circumstances well beyond the subset of those circumstances that caused the emotionally significant stimulus, as when a person of appropriate age is able to remember where s/he was and what s/he was doing when s/he learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning.

en.wikipedia.org · CC-BY-SA