El alfabeto o abecedario de una lengua o idioma es el conjunto ordenado de sus letras. Es también la agrupación, que se lee con un orden determinado, de las grafías utilizadas para representar el lenguaje que sirve de sistema de comunicación. El término alfabeto procede del griego ἀλφάβετον (alfábeton), derivado de las dos primeras letras griegas ἄλφα (alfa, α) y βῆτα (beta, β), derivadas a su vez de las letras fenicias ʾalp y bēt, que significaban ‘buey’ y ‘casa’ respectivamente. El alfabeto griego es una adaptación del alfabeto fenicio, que también dio lugar entre otros al hebreo y al árabe. Por su parte, el término «abecedario» proviene del latín tardío abecedārium, también derivado del nombre de las primeras letras, en este caso cuatro: a (a), b (be), c (ce) y d (de). Algunas letras pueden recibir uno o varios diacríticos con el fin de diferenciar los sonidos de la lengua o poder evitar las ambigüedades. De la misma forma, el alfabeto puede ser entendido por el uso de letras suplementarias. Las evoluciones fonéticas de una lengua se crean a un ritmo diferente de la evolución escrita. La escritura alfabética no garantiza una correspondencia unívoca entre los fonemas y los grafemas. En otros ámbitos (matemáticas, y otros sistemas formales, por ejemplo), un alfabeto es un conjunto finito y ordenado de símbolos a partir del cual se construyen palabras y fórmulas bien formadas.

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An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that is used to write one or more languages based on the general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant sounds) of the spoken language. This is in contrast to other types of writing systems, such as syllabaries (in which each character represents a syllable) and logographies (in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or semantic unit). The Proto-Canaanite script, later known as the Phoenician alphabet, is the first fully phonemic script. Thus the Phoenician alphabet is considered to be the first alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is the ancestor of most modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, and possibly Brahmic. According to terminology introduced by Peter T. Daniels, an "alphabet" is a script that represents both vowels and consonants as letters equally. In this narrow sense of the word the first "true" alphabet was the Greek alphabet, which was developed on the basis of the earlier Phoenician alphabet. In other alphabetic scripts such as the original Phoenician, Hebrew or Arabic, letters predominantly or exclusively represent consonants; such a script is also called an abjad. A third type, called abugida or alphasyllabary, is one where vowels are shown by diacritics or modifications of consonantal base letters, as in Devanagari and other South Asian scripts. There are dozens of alphabets in use today, the most popular being the Latin alphabet (which was derived from the Greek). Many languages use modified forms of the Latin alphabet, with additional letters formed using diacritical marks. While most alphabets have letters composed of lines (linear writing), there are also exceptions such as the alphabets used in Braille. Alphabets are usually associated with a standard ordering of letters. This makes them useful for purposes of collation, specifically by allowing words to be sorted in alphabetical order. It also means that their letters can be used as an alternative method of "numbering" ordered items, in such contexts as numbered lists and number placements.

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