Los ojos son órganos visuales que detectan la luz y la convierten en impulsos electroquímicos que viajan a través de neuronas. La célula fotoreceptora más simple de la visión consciente asocia la luz al movimiento. En organismos superiores el ojo es un sistema óptico complejo que capta la luz de los alrededores, regula su intensidad a través de un diafragma (iris), enfoca el objetivo gracias a una estructura ajustable de lentes (cristalino) para formar la imagen, que luego convierte en un conjunto de señales eléctricas que llegan al cerebro a través de rutas neuronales complejas que conectan, mediante el nervio óptico, el ojo a la corteza visual y otras áreas cerebrales. Los ojos con resolución han evolucionado en diez diferentes tipos fundamentales y el 96 % de las especies animales poseen un sistema óptico complejo. Los ojos con resolución están presentes en moluscos, cordados y artrópodos.

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Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide organisms vision, the ability to process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods. The simplest "eyes", such as those in microorganisms, do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark, which is sufficient for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. From more complex eyes, retinal photosensitive ganglion cells send signals along the retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nuclei to effect circadian adjustment and to the pretectal area to control the pupillary light reflex.

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