Un país neutral es aquel que no toma parte por ninguna de los bandos enfrentados en una guerra u otro conflicto con la esperanza de mantenerse al margen de la misma. En las relaciones internacionales, una política neutralista es, por tanto, la que apunta a mantener la neutralidad ante futuros conflictos. El concepto de neutralidad debe diferenciarse del de no-alineamiento.

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A neutral country in a particular war is a sovereign state which officially declares itself to be neutral towards the belligerents. A non-belligerent state does not need to be neutral. The rights and duties of a neutral power are defined in Sections 5 and 13 of the Hague Convention of 1907. A permanently neutral power is a sovereign state which is bound by international treaty to be neutral towards the belligerents of all future wars. An example of a permanently neutral power is Switzerland. The concept of neutrality in war is narrowly defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognised right to remain neutral. Neutralism or a "neutralist policy" is a foreign policy position wherein a state intends to remain neutral in future wars. A sovereign state that reserves the right to become a belligerent if attacked by a party to the war is in a condition of armed neutrality.

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