El banco central es la institución que en la mayoría de los países ejerce como autoridad monetaria y como tal suele ser la encargada de la emisión del dinero legal y en general de diseñar y ejecutar la política monetaria del país al que pertenece.Estos bancos suelen ser entidades de carácter público y, en la práctica contemporánea de un gran número de países, se afirma que son entidades autónomas e independientes del Gobierno del país (o grupo de países) al que pertenecen.

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A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base in the state, and usually also prints the national currency, which usually serves as the state's legal tender. The primary function of a central bank is to control the nation's money supply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also have supervisory powers, intended to prevent bank runs and to reduce the risk that commercial banks and other financial institutions engage in reckless or fraudulent behavior. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists.

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