La retórica es la disciplina transversal a distintos campos de conocimiento (ciencia de la literatura, ciencia política, publicidad, periodismo, ciencias de la educación, ciencias sociales, derecho, etc.) que se ocupa de estudiar y de sistematizar procedimientos y técnicas de utilización del lenguaje, puestos al servicio de una finalidad persuasiva o estética, añadida a su finalidad comunicativa. Históricamente, la retórica tiene su origen en la Grecia clásica, donde se entendía, en palabras de los tratadistas clásicos, como el ars bene dicendi, esto es, la técnica de expresarse de manera adecuada para lograr la persuasión del destinatario (etimológicamente, la palabra es un helenismo que proviene del griego ρητορική [τέχνη], «rhetorikè (téchne)»). La retórica se configura como un sistema de procesos y recursos que actúan en distintos niveles en la construcción de un discurso. Tales elementos están estrechamente relacionados entre sí y todos ellos repercuten en los distintos ámbitos discursivos.

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Rhetoric (pronounced /ˈrɛtərɪk/) is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals, logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Along with grammar and logic (or dialectic—see Martianus Capella), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. From Ancient Greece to the late 19th century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments. The word is derived from the Greek ῥητορικός rhētorikós, "oratorical", from ῥήτωρ rhḗtōr, "public speaker", related to ῥῆμα rhêma, "that which is said or spoken, word, saying", and ultimately derived from the verb ἐρῶ erō, "I say, I speak".

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