Las vitaminas (del inglés vitamine, hoy vitamin, y este del latín vita ‘vida’ y el sufijo amina, término acuñado por el bioquímico Casimir Funk en 1912) son compuestos heterogéneos imprescindibles para la vida, ya que al ingerirlos de forma equilibrada y en dosis esenciales promueven el correcto funcionamiento fisiológico. La mayoría de las vitaminas esenciales no pueden ser sintetizadas (elaboradas) por el organismo, por lo que éste no puede obtenerlas más que a través de la ingesta equilibrada de vitaminas contenidas en los alimentos naturales. Las vitaminas son nutrientes que junto con otros elementos nutricionales actúan como catalizadoras de todos los procesos fisiológicos (directa e indirectamente). Las vitaminas son precursoras de coenzimas, (aunque no son propiamente enzimas) grupos prostéticos de las enzimas. Esto significa que la molécula de la vitamina, con un pequeño cambio en su estructura, pasa a ser la molécula activa, sea ésta coenzima o no. Los requisitos mínimos diarios de las vitaminas no son muy altos, se necesitan tan solo dosis de miligramos o microgramos contenidas en grandes cantidades (proporcionalmente hablando) de alimentos naturales. Tanto la deficiencia como el exceso de los niveles vitamínicos corporales pueden producir enfermedades que van desde leves a graves e incluso muy graves como la pelagra o la demencia entre otras, e incluso la muerte. Algunas pueden servir como ayuda a las enzimas que actúan como cofactor, como es el caso de las vitaminas hidrosolubles. La deficiencia de vitaminas se denomina hipovitaminosis mientras que el nivel excesivo de vitaminas se denomina hipervitaminosis. Está demostrado que las vitaminas del grupo B son imprescindibles para el correcto funcionamiento del cerebro y el metabolismo corporal. Este grupo es hidrosoluble (solubles en agua) debido a esto son eliminadas principalmente por la orina, lo cual hace que sea necesaria la ingesta diaria y constante de todas las vitaminas del complejo “B” (contenidas en los alimentos naturales).

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A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (one form of vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people. By convention the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients, such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in greater amounts than vitamins) nor the great number of other nutrients that promote health, and are required less often to maintain the health of the organism. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each "vitamin" refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor" title, such as "vitamin A", which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids. Vitamers by definition are convertible to the active form of the vitamin in the body, and are sometimes inter-convertible to one another, as well. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some, such as vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism, or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins, the B complex vitamins, function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them; coenzymes help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups: For example, biotin is part of enzymes involved in making fatty acids. They may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example, folic acid may carry methyl, formyl, and methylene groups in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins' best-known function, the other vitamin functions are equally important. Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives, since the middle of the 20th century. Study of structural activity, function and their role in maintaining health is called vitaminology.

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