La digestión es el proceso de transformación de los alimentos, previamente ingeridos, en sustancias más sencillas para ser absorbidos. La digestión ocurre tanto en los organismos pluricelulares como en las células. En este proceso participan diferentes tipos de enzimas. El sistema o aparato digestivo, es muy importante en la digestión ya que los organismos heterótrofos dependen de fuentes externas de materias primas y energía para crecimiento, mantenimiento y funcionamiento. El alimento se emplea para generar y reparar tejidos y obtención de energía. Los organismos autótrofos (las plantas, organismos fotosintéticos), por el contrario, captan la energía lumínica y la transforman en energía química, utilizable por los animales. En cada paso de la conversión energética de un nivel a otro hay una pérdida de materia y energía utilizable asociada a la mantención de tejidos y también a la degradación del alimento en partículas más pequeñas, que después se reconstituirán en moléculas tisulares más complejas. En el cuerpo humano, es el proceso en que los alimentos, al pasar por el sistema digestivo, son transformados en nutrientes necesarios para su buen funcionamiento.

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(For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. For the treatment of precipitates in analytical chemistry, see Precipitation (chemistry) § Digestion.) Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.

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