Un tsunami (del japonés «津» tsu, puerto o bahía, y «波» nami, ola) o maremoto (del latín mare, mar y motus, movimiento) es un evento complejo que involucra un grupo de olas de gran energía y de tamaño variable que se producen cuando algún fenómeno extraordinario desplaza verticalmente una gran masa de agua. Este tipo de olas remueven una cantidad de agua muy superior a las olas superficiales producidas por el viento. Se calcula que el 90% de estos fenómenos son provocados por terremotos, en cuyo caso reciben el nombre más correcto y preciso de «maremotos tectónicos». La energía de un maremoto depende de su altura, de su longitud de onda y de la longitud de su frente. La energía total descargada sobre una zona costera también dependerá de la cantidad de picos que lleve el tren de ondas. Es frecuente que un tsunami que viaja grandes distancias, disminuya la altura de sus olas, pero siempre mantendrá una velocidad determinada por la profundidad sobre la cual el tsunami se desplaza. Normalmente, en el caso de los tsunamis tectónicos, la altura de la onda de tsunami en aguas profundas es del orden de 1.0 metros, pero la longitud de onda puede alcanzar algunos cientos de kilómetros. Esto es lo que permite que aún cuando la altura en océano abierto sea muy baja, esta altura crezca en forma abrupta al disminuir la profundidad, con lo cual, al disminuir la velocidad de la parte delantera del tsunami, necesariamente crezca la altura por transformación de energía cinética en energía potencial. De esta forma una masa de agua de algunos metros de altura puede arrasar a su paso hacia el interior.

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(For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation) and Tidal wave.)(This article is about waves, sometimes called "seismic sea waves," that travel through the ocean. For waves that travel through the Earth itself, see Seismic wave.)\nA tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave";English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind, or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "internal wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late-5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War, that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves interact with specific shorelines.

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