Un glaciar es una gruesa masa de hielo que se origina en la superficie terrestre por acumulación, compactación y recristalización de la nieve, mostrando evidencias de flujo en el pasado o en la actualidad. Su existencia es posible cuando la precipitación anual de nieve supera la evaporada en verano, por lo cual la mayoría se encuentra en zonas cercanas a los polos, aunque existen en otras zonas, en montañas. El proceso del crecimiento y establecimiento del glaciar se llama glaciación. Los glaciares del mundo son variados y pueden clasificarse según su forma (de valle, de nicho, campo de hielo, etc.), régimen climático (tropical, temperado o polar) o condiciones térmicas (base fría, base caliente o politermal). Un 10 % de la Tierra está cubierta de glaciares, y en tiempos geológicos recientes ese porcentaje llegó al 30 %. Los glaciares del mundo acumulan más del 75 % del agua dulce del mundo. En la actualidad 91 % del volumen y 84 % del área total de glaciares esta en la Antártida, 8 % del volumen y 14 % del área en Groenlandia sumando el resto de los glaciares 4 % del área y menos del 1 % del volumen.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA

A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×106 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×106 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climactic changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue. This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue. The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles. Air bubbles, which give a white color to ice, are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA