El término avispa se aplica de diversas maneras a distintos taxones de insectos del orden Hymenoptera. La definición más extensa es la que considera avispa a todo himenóptero no clasificado como hormiga o abeja. Más estricta es la definición de la RAE, según la cual «avispa» es el insecto himenóptero de tamaño moderado (1-1,5 cm), de color amarillo con bandas negras, dotado de aguijón venenoso y que vive en sociedad. La alusión al comportamiento social puede hacer esta definición excesivamente limitada respecto al uso común del término, ya que usualmente se emplea basándose únicamente en la apariencia y sin distinguir el comportamiento social. La definición taxonómicamente más ajustada se refiere a los insectos de la familia Vespidae. Términos derivados usualmente empleados son «avispilla» y «avispón». El primero se emplea para los himenópteros de pequeño tamaño (excluidas las hormigas), mientras que el segundo se aplica a los de gran tamaño (principalmente al género Vespa, y más concretamente a Vespa crabro).

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A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant. The Apocrita have a common evolutionary ancestor and form a clade; wasps as a group do not form a clade, but are paraphyletic with respect to bees and ants. The most commonly known wasps, such as yellow jackets and hornets, are in the family Vespidae and are eusocial, living together in a nest with an egg-laying queen and non-reproducing workers. Eusociality is favoured by the unusual haplodiploid system of sex determination in Hymenoptera, as it makes sisters exceptionally closely related to each other. However, the majority of wasp species are solitary, with each adult female living and breeding independently. Many of the solitary wasps are parasitoidal, meaning that they raise their young by laying eggs on or in other insects (any life stage from egg to adult). Unlike true parasites, the wasp larvae eventually kill their hosts. Solitary wasps parasitize almost every pest insect, making wasps valuable in horticulture for biological pest control of species such as whitefly in tomatoes and other crops. Wasps first appeared in the fossil record in the Jurassic, and diversified into many surviving superfamilies by the Cretaceous. They are a successful and diverse group of insects with tens of thousands of described species; wasps have spread to all parts of the world except for the polar regions. The largest social wasp is the Asian giant hornet, at up to 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length; among the largest solitary wasps is the giant scoliid of Indonesia, Megascolia procer. The smallest wasps are solitary chalcid wasps in the family Mymaridae, including the world's smallest known insect, with a body length of only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in), and the smallest known flying insect, only 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long. Wasps play many ecological roles. Some are predators, whether to feed themselves or to provision their nests. Many, notably the cuckoo wasps, are kleptoparasites, laying eggs in the nests of other wasps. Wasps have appeared in literature from Classical times, as the eponymous chorus of old men in Aristophanes' 422 BC comedy Σφῆκες (Sphēkes), The Wasps, and in science fiction from H. G. Wells's 1904 novel The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth, featuring giant wasps with three-inch-long stings. The name "Wasp" has been used for many warships and other military equipment.

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