La sinonimia es una relación semántica de identidad o semejanza de significados entre determinadas expresiones o palabras (llamadas sinónimos). Por tanto, sinónimos son expresiones o palabras que tienen un significado similar o idéntico entre sí, y pertenecen a la misma categoría gramatical. Por ejemplo, sinónimos de desastre son calamidad, devastación, ruina, catástrofe y cataclismo. La sinonimia estricta es muy rara en las lenguas, y suele darse por la existencia de formas dialectales coexistentes, o en formas léxicas del mismo significado pero usadas en contextos diferentes. La sinonimia parcial es mucho más frecuente.

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A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from Ancient Greek syn (σύν) ("with") and onoma (ὄνομα) ("name"). An example of synonyms are the words begin, start, commence, and initiate. Words can be synonymous when meant in certain senses, even if they are not synonymous in all of their senses. For example, if we talk about a long time or an extended time, long and extended are synonymous within that context. Synonyms with exact interchangeability share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field. Some academics call the former type cognitive synonyms to distinguish them from the latter type, which they call near-synonyms. In the figurative sense, two words are sometimes said to be synonymous if they have the same connotation: ...a widespread impression that ... Hollywood was synonymous with immorality...— Doris Kearns Goodwin Metonymy can sometimes be a form of synonymy, as when, for example, the White House is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. executive branch under a specific president. Thus a metonym is a type of synonym, and the word metonym is a hyponym of the word synonym. The analysis of synonymy, polysemy, and hyponymy and hypernymy is vital to taxonomy and ontology in the information-science senses of those terms. It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning, because they rely on word-sense disambiguation and schema.

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