El espacio físico es el lugar donde se encuentran los objetos y en el que los eventos que ocurren tienen una posición y dirección relativas. El espacio físico es habitualmente concebido con tres dimensiones lineales, aunque los físicos modernos usualmente lo consideran, con el tiempo, como una parte de un infinito continuo de cuatro dimensiones conocido como espacio-tiempo, que en presencia de materia es curvo. En matemáticas se examinan espacios con diferente número de dimensiones y con diferentes estructuras subyacentes. El concepto de espacio es considerado de fundamental importancia para una comprensión del universo físico aunque haya continuos desacuerdos entre filósofos acerca de si es una entidad, una relación entre entidades, o parte de un marco conceptual. Muchas de estas cuestiones filosóficas surgieron en el siglo XVII, durante el desarrollo temprano de la mecánica clásica. Según Isaac Newton, el espacio era absoluto, en el sentido de que era permanente y existía independientemente de la materia. En cambio, los filósofos naturalistas, como Gottfried Leibniz, pensaban que el espacio era una colección de relaciones entre objetos, dada por su distancia y dirección desde otro. En el siglo XVIII, Immanuel Kant, consecuente con la filosofía idealista, describió el espacio y el tiempo como realidades a priori, es decir, existentes sólo en la mente humana, no fuera de ella, que nos permiten estructurar experiencias. En los siglos XIX y XX los matemáticos comenzaron a examinar la geometría no euclidiana, cuyo espacio puede decirse que es curvo, más que plano. De acuerdo a la teoría general de la relatividad de Albert Einstein el espacio alrededor de los campos gravitatorios se desvía del espacio euclídeo. Pruebas de la relatividad general han confirmado que el espacio no euclídeo provee un mejor modelo para la forma del espacio.

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Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework. Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khôra (i.e. "space"), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e. place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space qua extension" in the Discourse on Place (Qawl fi al-Makan) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen. Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space. Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the "visibility of spatial depth" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kant said that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to the experience of "space" in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a subjective "pure a priori form of intuition". In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in which space is conceived as curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.

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