Durante las últimas décadas el petróleo ha constituido gran parte de la economía mundial, contribuyendo al desarrollo socio-económico y tecnológico de distintas culturas y países. El petróleo se encuentra sectorizado en el planeta, es decir que no está en todas partes donde se hacen excavaciones, esto conlleva a buscar distintos tipos de transporte desde donde se localiza hasta donde se procesa para extraer sus derivados. Este transporte es el principal motivo de contaminaciones y derrames, pues es donde se producen más errores y percances. Para entender más a fondo esto se tiene que saber que un derrame de petróleo o marea negra es un vertido de este hidrocarburo que se produce debido a un accidente o práctica inadecuada, como lo dicho anteriormente, que contamina el medio ambiente, especialmente el mar. Estos derrames afectan todo el ecosistema donde se produce el evento a lo cual perjudica catastróficamente la fauna y la pesca, así como a las costas con efectos que pueden llegar a ser muy persistentes en el tiempo.

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An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil. Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up. Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society; economically, environmentally, and socially. As a result, oil spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and political uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle concerning government response to oil spills and what actions can best prevent them from happening.

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