Una inundación es la ocupación por parte del agua de zonas que habitualmente están libres de esta, por desbordamiento de ríos, ramblas, por lluvias torrenciales, deshielo, por subida de las mareas por encima del nivel habitual, por maremotos o huracanes, etc. Las inundaciones fluviales son procesos naturales que se han producido periódicamente y que han sido la causa de la formación de las llanuras en los valles de los ríos, tierras fértiles, vegas y riberas, donde tradicionalmente se ha desarrollado la agricultura. En las zonas costeras los embates del mar han servido para modelar las costas y crear zonas pantanosas como albuferas y lagunas que, tras su ocupación antrópica, se han convertido en zonas vulnerables.

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A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry. Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in just a few minutes and without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins.

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