La ortografía (del latín orthographia y del griego ὀρθογραφία orthographía 'escritura correcta') es el conjunto de reglas y convenciones que rigen el sistema de escritura habitual establecido para una lengua estándar. La ortografía frecuentemente ha protagonizado debates, la reforma de la ortografía alemana de 1996 llevó a un amplio debate, y finalmente no fue aplicada ni en Austria ni en Suiza. Igualmente la propuesta de reforma ortográfica del francés de 1988 fue ampliamente contestada entre 1988 y 1991, llegando algunos periódicos a boicotear la reforma.

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An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language. It includes norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most significant languages in the modern era are written down, and for most such languages a standard orthography has been developed, often based on a standard variety of the language, and thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken language. Sometimes there may be variation in a language's orthography, as between American and British spelling in the case of English orthography. In some languages orthography is regulated by language academies, although for many languages (including English) there are no such authorities, and orthography develops in a more organic way. Even in the latter languages, a significant amount of consensus arises naturally, although a maximum of consistency or standardization occurs only when prescriptively imposed according to style guides. Many aspects of orthography reflect grammar, the structure of languages (but grammar exists in all natural languages, even ones without writing systems). Orthography is broader than typography, which is concerned with principles of typesetting; orthography applies to all writing, from handwriting to type.

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