Los anticuerpos (también conocidos como inmunoglobulinas, abreviado Ig) son glicoproteínas del tipo gamma globulina. Pueden encontrarse de forma soluble en la sangre u otros fluidos corporales de los vertebrados, disponiendo de una forma idéntica que actúa como receptor de los linfocitos B y son empleados por el sistema inmunitario para identificar y neutralizar elementos extraños tales como bacterias, virus o parásitos. El anticuerpo típico está constituido por unidades estructurales básicas, cada una de ellas con dos grandes cadenas pesadas y dos cadenas ligeras de menor tamaño, que forman, por ejemplo, monómeros con una unidad, dímeros con dos unidades o pentámeros con cinco unidades. Los anticuerpos son sintetizados por un tipo de leucocito denominado linfocito B. Existen distintas modalidades de anticuerpo, isotipos, basadas en la forma de cadena pesada que posean. Se conocen cinco clases diferentes de isotipos en mamíferos que desempeñan funciones diferentes, contribuyendo a dirigir la respuesta inmune adecuada para cada distinto tipo de cuerpo extraño que encuentran. Aunque la estructura general de todos los anticuerpos es muy semejante, una pequeña región del ápice de la proteína es extremadamente variable, lo cual permite la existencia de millones de anticuerpos, cada uno con un extremo ligeramente distinto. A esta parte de la proteína se la conoce como región hipervariable. Cada una de estas variantes se puede unir a una "diana" distinta, que es lo que se conoce como antígeno. Esta enorme diversidad de anticuerpos permite al sistema inmune reconocer una diversidad igualmente elevada de antígenos. La única parte del antígeno reconocida por el anticuerpo se denomina epítopo. Estos epítopos se unen con su anticuerpo en una interacción altamente específica que se denomina adaptación inducida, que permite a los anticuerpos identificar y unirse solamente a su antígeno único en medio de los millones de moléculas diferentes que componen un organismo. El reconocimiento de un antígeno por un anticuerpo lo marca para ser atacado por otras partes del sistema inmunitario. Los anticuerpos también pueden neutralizar sus objetivos directamente, mediante, por ejemplo, la unión a una porción de un patógeno necesaria para que éste provoque una infección. La extensa población de anticuerpos y su diversidad se genera por combinaciones al azar de un juego de segmentos genéticos que codifican diferentes lugares de unión al antígeno (o paratopos), que posteriormente sufren mutaciones aleatorias en esta zona del gen del anticuerpo, lo cual origina una diversidad aún mayor. Los genes de los anticuerpos también se reorganizan en un proceso conocido como conmutación de clase de inmunoglobulina que cambia la base de la cadena pesada por otra, creando un isotipo de anticuerpo diferente que mantiene la región variable específica para el antígeno diana. Esto posibilita que un solo anticuerpo pueda ser usado por las diferentes partes del sistema inmune. La producción de anticuerpos es la función principal del sistema inmunitario humoral.

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An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the Fab's variable region. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). Depending on the antigen, the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance. The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the "Y"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system. Antibodies are secreted by B cells of the adaptive immune system, mostly by differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B-cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms. Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. They constitute most of the gamma globulin fraction of the blood proteins. They are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains that define the five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.

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