La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es la incapacidad del corazón de bombear sangre en los volúmenes más adecuados para satisfacer las demandas del metabolismo; si lo logra, lo hace a expensas de una disminución crónica de la presión de llenado de los ventrículos cardiacos. La IC es un síndrome que resulta de trastornos, bien sean estructurales o funcionales, que interfieren con la función cardíaca. No debe confundirse con la pérdida de latidos, lo cual se denomina asistolía, ni con un paro cardíaco, que es cuando la función normal del corazón cesa, con el subsecuente colapso hemodinámico, que lleva a la muerte. Debido a que no todos los pacientes cursan con sobrecarga de volumen en el momento de la evaluación inicial o revaluaciones subsiguientes, se prefiere el término insuficiencia cardíaca sobre el más anticuado término insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. La insuficiencia cardíaca es una enfermedad común, costosa, incapacitante y potencialmente mortal. En los países desarrollados, alrededor del 2 % de los adultos sufren de insuficiencia cardíaca, pero aumenta en los mayores de 65 años a 6-10 %. Es la principal causa de hospitalización en personas mayores de 65 años. Sobre todo debido a los costos de hospitalización la IC se asocia con un alto gasto en salud, los costos se han estimado en el 2 % del presupuesto total del Servicio Nacional de Salud en el Reino Unido, y más de 35 mil millones de dólares en los Estados Unidos. La insuficiencia cardiaca se asocia con una significativa reducción de la actividad física y mental, resultando en una calidad de vida notablemente disminuida. Con la excepción de la insuficiencia cardíaca causada por condiciones reversibles, el trastorno por lo general empeora con el paso del tiempo. Aunque algunas personas sobreviven durante muchos años, la progresión de la enfermedad se asocia con una tasa de mortalidad general anual del 10 %.

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Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature. Chest pain, including angina, does not typically occur due to heart failure. Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease. The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine with a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures. Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.

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