La infección urinaria (IU) es la existencia de gérmenes e infecciones patógenos en la orina por infección de la uretra, la vejiga, el riñón o la próstata. Los síntomas que acompañan a una infección de orina son los que componen el síndrome miccional, teniendo en cuenta que las infecciones de orina también pueden ser asintomáticas. Desde el punto de vista microbiológico, cuando se detecta un crecimiento de 10.000 unidades formadoras de colonia por mililitro (ufc/ml) en una muestra de orina bien recogida, puede existir una infección urinaria. Cuando existen síntomas urinarios o piuria se considera ITU con valores mucho menores (hasta 100 ufc/ml). Cuando el recuento de colonias es superior a 10.000 ufc/ml y hay más de dos especies de gérmenes indica contaminación de la muestra. Se considera bacteriuria asintomática cuando, en ausencia de síntomas, hay más de 10.000 ufc/ml de un microorganismo en cultivo puro en dos muestras diferentes. Ante un síndrome miccional en el que se excluyen otras causas del mismo (vaginitis, uretritis, prostatitis) y se confirma la presencia de leucocitos en orina se puede hacer el diagnóstico de infección urinaria sin necesidad de realizar urocultivo. Las infecciones del tracto urinario pueden ser tratadas con éxito con antibióticos. En casos no complicados, a menudo la enfermedad cede sin medicamentos.

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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection (pyelonephritis). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with urination, frequent urination, and feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder. Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. Rarely the urine may appear bloody. In the very old and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific. The most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli, though other bacteria or fungi may rarely be the cause. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity, and family history. Although sexual intercourse is a risk factor, UTIs are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Kidney infection, if it occurs, usually follows a bladder infection but may also result from a blood-borne infection. Diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. In those with vague symptoms, diagnosis can be difficult because bacteria may be present without there being an infection. In complicated cases or if treatment fails, a urine culture may be useful. In uncomplicated cases, UTIs are treated with a short course of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to many of the antibiotics used to treat this condition is increasing. In complicated cases, a longer course or intravenous antibiotics may be needed. If symptoms do not improved in two or three days, further diagnostic testing may be needed. Phenazopyridine may help with symptoms. In those who have bacteria or white blood cells in their urine but have no symptoms, antibiotics are generally not needed, although during pregnancy is an exception. In those with frequent infections, a short course of antibiotics may be taken as soon as symptoms begin or long term antibiotics may be used as a preventative measure. About 150 million people developed a urinary tract infection each year. They are more common in women than men. In women, they are the most common form of bacterial infection. Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a given year and half of women having at least one infection at some point in their lives. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years. Recurrences are common. Urinary tract infections have been described since ancient times with the first documented description in the Ebers Papyrus dated to c. 1550 BC.

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