El agua subterránea representa una fracción importante de la masa de agua presente en los continentes, y se aloja en los acuíferos bajo la superficie de la Tierra. El volumen del agua subterránea es mucho más importante que la masa de agua retenida en lagos o circulante, y aunque menor al de los mayores glaciares, las masas más extensas pueden alcanzar millones de kilómetros cuadrados (como el Acuífero Guaraní). El agua del subsuelo es un recurso importante y de este se abastece a una tercera parte de la población mundial, pero de difícil gestión, por su sensibilidad a la contaminación y a la sobreexplotación. El agua subterránea es parte de la precipitación que se filtra a través del suelo hasta llegar al material rocoso que está saturado de agua. El agua subterránea se mueve lentamente hacia los niveles bajos, generalmente en ángulos inclinados (debido a la gravedad) y eventualmente llegan a los arroyos, los lagos y los océanos. Es una creencia común que el agua subterránea llena cavidades y circula por galerías. Sin embargo, no siempre es así, pues puede encontrarse ocupando los intersticios (poros y grietas) del suelo, del sustrato rocoso o del sedimento sin consolidar, los cuales la contienen como una esponja. La única excepción significativa la ofrecen las rocas solubles, como las calizas y los yesos, susceptibles de sufrir el proceso llamado karstificación, en el que el agua excava simas, cavernas y otras vías de circulación, modelo que más se ajusta a la creencia popular.

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Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology. Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults. It is likely that much of Earth's subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth. The formation of some of the landforms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the Great Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater. Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems.

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