El término cercamiento (enclosure en inglés) se refiere al cierre de los terrenos comunales (tierra demanial) a favor de los terratenientes ocurrida en Inglaterra entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, pero conociendo ya una intensificación a partir del siglo XVI. Esta ley causó que todos los granjeros tuvieran que pagar para hacerse dueños y también pagar para poderlas usar. Prácticamente todos las perdieron, pero en cambio se les dio un trabajo provisional aunque dejándolos prácticamente sin hogar. Las actas de cercamiento (enclosure acts) perjudicaron principalmente a los campesinos, que no podían ya usar los beneficios de los terrenos, en favor de los grandes propietarios o terratenientes. Las leyes inglesas de cerramiento se dictaron sobre todo entre 1760 y 1840. A finales del siglo XVIII, este sistema había llevado a la concentración de la propiedad de las tierras en manos de la aristocracia inglesa y, por otro lado, había creado una masa de trabajadores desocupados, la mano de obra de bajo coste que será entonces empleada en el nuevo ciclo productivo industrial. Tal sistema fue necesario por el continuo aumento de la demanda de bienes agrícolas a los cuales el viejo sistema agrícola no podía hacer frente. En cuanto los terrenos, eran cultivados por campesinos que se ocupaban del mismo campo sólo por un año, y que por lo tanto no sentían motivación para mejorar las condiciones del terreno. Con el cercamiento, los grandes latifundistas pudieron introducir modificaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas en la agricultura inglesa, mejorándola. El cerramiento se acompañó generalmente de la utilización de nuevas técnicas, de nuevos cultivos, de nuevas rotaciones. La realización de un cerramiento pasa por etapas sucesivas: 1. La apropiación por los propietarios de espacios previamente dedicados al uso colectivo. 2. La sustitución del antiguo sistema abierto por campos cerrados. 3. Establecimiento de vastos dominios, alquilados a campesinos empobrecidos sin medios financieros

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA

Enclosure (sometimes inclosure) was the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands. Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the ground rights and all common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use, which increased the value of the land. The other method was by passing laws causing or forcing enclosure, such as Parliamentary enclosure. The latter process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England. Marxist and neo-Marxist historians argue that rich landowners used their control of state processes to appropriate public land for their private benefit. The process of enclosure created a landless working class that provided the labour required in the new industries developing in the north of England. For example: "In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820 are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after village, common rights are lost". Thompson argues that "Enclosure (when all the sophistications are allowed for) was a plain enough case of class robbery." W. A. Armstrong, among others, argued that this is perhaps an oversimplification, that the better-off members of the European peasantry encouraged and participated actively in enclosure, seeking to end the perpetual poverty of subsistence farming. "We should be careful not to ascribe to [enclosure] developments that were the consequence of a much broader and more complex process of historical change." "[T]he impact of eighteenth and nineteenth century enclosure has been grossly exaggerated ..." Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural Revolution. Enclosed land was under control of the farmer who was free to adopt better farming practices. There was widespread agreement in contemporary accounts that profit making opportunities were better with enclosed land. Following enclosure, crop yields increased while at the same time labour productivity increased enough to create a surplus of labour. The increased labour supply is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution. Marx argued in Capital that enclosure played a constitutive role in the revolutionary transformation of feudalism into capitalism, both by transforming land from a means of subsistence into a means to realize profit on commodity markets (primarily wool in the English case), and by creating the conditions for the modern labour market by transforming small peasant proprietors and serfs into agricultural wage-labourers, whose opportunities to exit the market declined as the common lands were enclosed.

Leer el artículo completo en Wikipedia · CC-BY-SA