La espada es un arma blanca de dos filos que consiste básicamente en una hoja recta cortante, punzante —o con ambas características—, con empuñadura, y de cierta envergadura o marca (marca: aproximadamente a partir de medio metro). Según la definición estricta no serían espadas los sables, las katanas (sable japonés), etc. En un sentido más amplio, aunque a veces erróneo, se tiende a entender por espada cualquier arma blanca de cierta envergadura, independientemente del estilo de la hoja. El diseño y la construcción de la espada puede variar mucho, según la longitud de la hoja, su forma, sus filos, sus empuñaduras, gavilanes, su procedencia, etc. De acuerdo con las características que poseen, reciben una determinada denominación que identifica, clasifica y encuadra al arma dentro de un tipo particular. Tienen su hoja metálica afilada en uno o los dos filos si es de tajo, o sin filos y con puntas agudas y duras si es de punzar, o con ambas características. La empuñadura se hacía de muchos y diversos materiales, sobre todo si eran espadas para "ceñir" o de "parada" aristocráticas, pero se solía emplear la madera o cuerno recubiertos —o no— de cuero o cordelería. Siendo su aparición muy temprana (IV milenio A.C.), su hoja se hizo inicialmente de cobre (muy débil), posteriormente de bronce, hierro y finalmente acero templado. La factura y el manejo de la espada permanecen constantes a lo largo de los siglos, pero las técnicas varían entre culturas y periodos como resultado de las diferencias en el diseño y propósito de la hoja. Los nombres dados a muchas espadas en la mitología, literatura e historia reflejan el alto prestigio del arma (ver listado de espadas).

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A sword is a bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographical region under consideration. A sword consists of a long blade attached to a hilt. The blade can be straight or curved. Thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade, and tend to be straighter; slashing swords have sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade, and are more likely to be curved. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing. Historically, the sword developed in the Bronze Age, evolving from the dagger; the earliest specimens date to about 1600 BC. The later Iron Age sword remained fairly short and without a crossguard. The spatha, as it developed in the Late Roman army, became the predecessor of the European sword of the Middle Ages, at first adopted as the Migration period sword, and only in the High Middle Ages, developed into the classical arming sword with crossguard. The word sword continues the Old English, sweord. The use of a sword is known as swordsmanship or (in an early modern or modern context) as fencing. In the Early Modern period, western sword design diverged into roughly two forms, the thrusting swords and the sabers. The thrusting swords such as the rapier and eventually the smallsword were designed to impale their targets quickly and inflict deep stab wounds. Their long and straight yet light and well balanced design made them highly maneuverable and deadly in a duel but fairly ineffective when used in a slashing or chopping motion. A well aimed lunge and thrust could end a fight in seconds with just the sword's point, leading to the development of a fighting style which closely resembles modern fencing. The saber and similar blades such as the cutlass were built more heavily and were more typically used in warfare. Built for slashing and chopping at multiple enemies, oftentimes from atop a horse, the saber's long curved blade and slightly forward weight balance gave it a deadly character all its own on the battlefield. Most sabers also had sharp points and double edged blades, making them capable of piercing soldier after soldier in a cavalry charge. Sabers continued to see battlefield use until the late 19th century. The US Navy kept tens of thousands of sturdy cutlasses in their armory well into World War II and many were issued to marines in the Pacific as jungle machetes. Non-European weapons called "sword" include single-edged weapons such as the Middle Eastern scimitar, the Chinese dao and the related Japanese katana. The Chinese jian is an example of a non-European double-edged sword, like the European models derived from the double-edged Iron Age sword.

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