La separación matrimonial es una situación jurídica intermedia entre el matrimonio y el divorcio. En muchos ordenamientos jurídicos, la ley no contempla la posibilidad del divorcio, por motivos principalmente religiosos o culturales (el caso emblemático es el del Derecho canónico, que ha influido bastante en muchos ordenamientos jurídicos de países de mayoría cristiana). Por ese motivo, se ha creado un sistema a medio camino entre el matrimonio y el divorcio, que permite que siga existiendo el vínculo matrimonial, mientras que se terminan muchos de los derechos y obligaciones existentes para una pareja casada.

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Legal separation (sometimes "judicial separation", "separate maintenance", "divorce a mensa et thoro", or "divorce from bed-and-board") is a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a de facto separation while remaining legally married. A legal separation is granted in the form of a court order. Furthermore, in cases where children are involved, a court order of legal separation often makes temporary arrangements for the care, custody, and financial support of the children ("for the time being"). Thus, part of the court order determines child custody. Some couples obtain a legal separation as an alternative to a divorce, based on moral or religious objections to divorce. Legal separation does not automatically lead to divorce. The couple might reconcile, in which case they do not have to do anything in order to continue their marriage. If the two do not reconcile, and they wish to proceed with a divorce, they must file for divorce explicitly.

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