La infertilidad es una enfermedad que afecta a la pareja, en donde ésta se ve imposibilitada para concebir un hijo naturalmente o de llevar un embarazo a término después de 1 año de relaciones sexuales constantes (mínimo 3 veces por semana) sin uso de MAC (método anticonceptivo). Hay muchas razones por las que una pareja puede no ser capaz de concebir, o no ser capaz de hacerlo sin asistencia médica. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la infertilidad es "una enfermedad del aparato reproductor definida por la imposibilidad de lograr un embarazo clínico después de 12 meses o más de relaciones sexuales sin protección regular". Se suele recomendar comenzar las evaluaciones de las parejas a partir de este momento, inmediatamente si hay una causa obvia de infertilidad o subfertilidad, o cuando la mujer tiene más de 35 años de edad. La infertilidad afecta aproximadamente al 15% de las parejas. Aproximadamente el 33% de los casos se deben a un factor masculino, 21% se deben a un factor femenino, 40% es de tipo mixto y el resto (6%) es por causas inexplicables.

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Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult organism, except notably among certain eusocial species (mostly haplodiploid insects). In humans, infertility may describe a woman who is unable to conceive as well as being unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. There are many biological and other causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat. Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide "between three and seven per cent of all couples or women have an unresolved problem of infertility. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%." 20-30% of infertility cases are due to male infertility, 20-35% are due to female infertility, and 25-40% are due to combined problems in both parts. In 10-20% of cases, no cause is found. The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods. Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile during the rest of the menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods are used to discern when these changes occur by tracking changes in cervical mucus or basal body temperature.

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