Una antena es un dispositivo (conductor metálico) diseñado con el objetivo de emitir y/o recibir ondas electromagnéticas hacia el espacio libre. Una antena transmisora transforma energía eléctrica en ondas electromagnéticas, y una receptora realiza la función inversa. Existe una gran diversidad de tipos de antenas. En unos casos deben expandir en lo posible la potencia radiada, es decir, no deben ser directivas (ejemplo: una emisora de radio comercial o una estación base de teléfonos móviles), otras veces deben serlo para canalizar la potencia en una dirección y no interferir a otros servicios (antenas entre estaciones de radioenlaces). Las características de las antenas es que dependen de la relación entre sus dimensiones y la longitud de onda de la señal de radiofrecuencia transmitida o recibida. Si las dimensiones de la antena son mucho más pequeñas que la longitud de onda las antenas se denominan elementales, si tienen dimensiones del orden de media longitud de onda se llaman resonantes, y si su tamaño es mucho mayor que la longitud de onda son directivas.

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In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communications receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as garage door openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth-enabled devices, wireless computer networks, baby monitors, and RFID tags on merchandise. Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or preferentially in a particular direction (directional or high gain antennas). In the latter case, an antenna may also include additional elements or surfaces with no electrical connection to the transmitter or receiver, such as parasitic elements, parabolic reflectors or horns, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his pioneering experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the focal point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie (vol. 36, 1889).

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