La ictericia es la coloración amarillenta de la piel y mucosas debida a un aumento de la bilirrubina (valores normales de 0,3 a 1 mg/dl) que se acumula en los tejidos, sobre todo aquellos con mayor número de fibras elásticas (paladar, conjuntiva). Se hace clínicamente evidente cuando la bilirrubina es mayor de 2.5 mg/dl. Este aumento puede ser a expensas de la fracción no conjugada o "indirecta" de la bilirrubina (BI); ésta es liposoluble y no se filtra por el riñón, por lo que no aparece coluria. Cuando el aumento es a expensas de la bilirrubina conjugada o "directa" (BD), al ser ésta hidrosoluble, se filtra por el riñón, apareciendo coluria. Puede haber aumentos de ambas fracciones y se habla entonces de hiperbilirrubinemia mixta. La bilirrubina no conjugada es la relacionada con la ictericia prehepática y no hay coluria ni acolia, mientras que la bilirrubina conjugada está relacionada con la ictericia hepática y posthepática.

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Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. It is commonly associated with itchiness. The feces may be pale and the urine dark. Jaundice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and in most is not a problem. If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur. Causes of jaundice vary from non-serious to potentially fatal. Levels of bilirubin in blood are normally below 1.0 mg/dL (17 µmol/L) and levels over 2-3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically results in jaundice. High bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct). Conjugated bilirubin can be confirmed by finding bilirubin in the urine. Other conditions that can cause yellowish skin but are not jaundice include carotenemia from eating large amounts of certain foods and medications like rifampin. High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, no eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, medications, or blockage of the bile duct. In the developed world the cause is more often blockage of the bile duct or medications while in the developing world it is more often infections such as viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, or malaria. Blockage of the bile duct may occur due to gallstones, cancer, or pancreatitis. Medical imaging such as ultrasound is useful for detecting bile duct blockage. Treatment of jaundice is typically determined by the underlying cause. If a bile duct blockage is present surgery is typically required, otherwise management is medical. Medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing. Among newborns, depending on age and prematurity, a bilirubin greater than 4-21 mg/dL (68-360 µmol/L) may be treated with phototherapy or exchanged transfusion. The itchiness may be helped by draining the gallbladder or ursodeoxycholic acid. The word jaundice is from the French jaunisse, meaning "yellow disease".

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