La anestesiología es la especialidad médica dedicada a la atención y cuidados especiales de los pacientes durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas u otros procesos que puedan resultar molestos o dolorosos (endoscopia, radiología intervencionista, etc.). Así mismo, tiene a su cargo el tratamiento del dolor agudo o crónico de causa extraquirúrgica. Ejemplos de estos últimos son la analgesia durante el trabajo de parto y el alivio del dolor en pacientes con cáncer. La especialidad médica recibe el nombre de anestesiología y reanimación, dado que abarca el tratamiento del paciente crítico en distintas áreas como lo son la recuperación postoperatoria y la emergencia, así como el cuidado del paciente crítico en las unidades de cuidados intensivos o de reanimación postoperatoria. La especialidad médica de la medicina intensiva es un brazo más de la anestesiología. Al médico que practica la anestesiología se le denomina anestesista o anestesiólogo.

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Anesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics is the medical speciality that focuses on perioperative medicine and the administration of anesthesia. Terminology varies between countries. In North America, the medical speciality is called anesthesiology, a doctor practising it is termed an anesthesiologist, and the treatment delivered is referred to as anesthesia. By contrast, in the United Kingdom and other countries following the British tradition, both the medical speciality and the treatment delivered are referred to as anaesthesia or anaesthetics, and the physician who performs them is termed an anaesthetist (in North America, the word anesthetist indicates a certified anesthesiologist assistant who delivers anesthesia under the supervision of a physician) or certified registered nurse anesthetist who in most states in the U.S. do not require physician supervision. One of the fundamental practices of anesthesiologists is that of general anesthesia in which a person is placed in a medical coma.This is performed to permit surgery without the individual responding to pain (analgesia) during surgery or remembering the surgery. If general anesthesia is not necessary, then regional anesthesia can be performed to induce analgesia in a region of the body. For example, epidural administration of a local anesthetic is commonly performed on the mother during childbirth to reduce the pain while permitting the mother to be awake and active in labor & delivery (general anesthesia would not permit this). Anesthesiologists often also undertake non-surgical pain relief and critical care management that includes working in an intensive care unit.

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