La Guerra contra las drogas (en inglés War on Drugs) es una iniciativa liderada por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos orientada a la persecución de la producción, comercio y consumo de ciertas sustancias psicoactivas, a las que se atribuye el estatus legal de drogas prohibidas, en tanto que drogas no medicinales. Sus defensores argumentan que las drogas causan un grave perjuicio para la salud física y psíquica y generan redes de delincuencia y corrupción. Sus críticos señalan que se emplea para la defensa de intereses geopolíticos, la injerencia en los asuntos internos de ciertas naciones, la irrupción en la vida privada de los ciudadanos y que los problemas relacionados con el narcotráfico y el consumo, provienen en su mayor parte de la propia prohibición. Además, argumentan, que el consumo de psicoactivos se mantiene constante a pesar de que el gasto en la guerra contra las drogas no ha dejado de crecer desde hace décadas. Según el historiador Alfred McCoy: La represión produce una caída en los suministros y eso aumenta el precio, estimulando la producción en el mundo entero Una droga es una sustancia que altera el funcionamiento normal del organismo una vez que entra en contacto con él. Algunos ejemplos de drogas son el alcohol, la marihuana, la cocaína, la metanfetamina, el mdma, el LSD, los opioides, el tabaco e incluso algunos medicamentos legales en la mayoría de países occidentales como la morfina. Las diferentes drogas tienen efectos distintos en el organismo. Algunas drogas pueden causar alucinaciones (p.e. ver u oír cosas que en realidad no están aconteciendo), mientras que otras actúan como estimulantes o depresores del sistema nervioso central.

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"The War on Drugs" is an American term commonly applied to a campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade. This initiative includes a set of drug policies that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs that the participating governments and the UN have made illegal. The term was popularized by the media shortly after a press conference given on June 18, 1971, by United States President Richard Nixon—the day after publication of a special message from President Nixon to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control—during which he declared drug abuse "public enemy number one". That message to the Congress included text about devoting more federal resources to the "prevention of new addicts, and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted", but that part did not receive the same public attention as the term "war on drugs". However, two years even prior to this, Nixon had formally declared a "war on drugs" that would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. Today, the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for an end to the War on Drugs, estimates that the United States spends $51 billion annually on these initiatives. On May 13, 2009, Gil Kerlikowske—the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)—signaled that the Obama administration did not plan to significantly alter drug enforcement policy, but also that the administration would not use the term "War on Drugs", because Kerlikowske considers the term to be "counter-productive". ONDCP's view is that "drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated... making drugs more available will make it harder to keep our communities healthy and safe". One of the alternatives that Kerlikowske has showcased is the drug policy of Sweden, which seeks to balance public health concerns with opposition to drug legalization. The prevalence rates for cocaine use in Sweden are barely one-fifth of those in Spain, the biggest consumer of the drug. In June 2011, a self-appointed Global Commission on Drug Policy released a critical report on the War on Drugs, declaring: "The global war on drugs has failed, with devastating consequences for individuals and societies around the world. Fifty years after the initiation of the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and years after President Nixon launched the US government's war on drugs, fundamental reforms in national and global drug control policies are urgently needed." The report was criticized by organizations that oppose a general legalization of drugs.

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