La industrica ósea es aquella industria que elabora útiles cuya materia prima es orgánica, es decir, los fabricados en hueso, asta o marfil. Por su naturaleza química presentan un grado de conservación inferior a las industrias líticas. Los útiles óseos que se han conservado en la actualidad son los que han permanecido enterrados en condiciones favorables. Posiblemente en la prehistoria se hayan elaborado diferentes utensilios realizados en madera, corteza de árbol, cuerda, piel, plumas de ave, pelos, etc, pero han desaparecido. Solamente se han conservado algunos fragmentos de madera con huellas de haber sido elaborados por el ser humano como lanzas, pértigas o astiles rematados en puntas de piedra u óseas. Algunos fragmentos de madera se han fechado en el Paleolítico inferior, pero su hallazgo arqueológico es excepcional. Los materiales orgánicos no poseen la dureza de la piedra cuando se fabrica una herramienta. Sin embargo son mucho más maleables y flexibles, lo que permite su utilización para otras actividades. Permiten por tanto realizar técnicas que son difíciles de elaborar con piedra, como el recortado, la perforación, la incisión o el pulimento. Además los materiales óseos permiten realizar sobre su superficie determinadas marcas, así como desarrollar manisfestaciones artísticas, como el del arte mueble del Paleolítico Superior.

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In archaeology, a bone tool is a tool created from bone. A bone tool can conceivably be created from almost any bone, and in a variety of methods. Bone tools have been documented from the advent of Homo sapiens and are also known from Homo neanderthalensis contexts or even earlier. Bone has been used for making tools by virtually all hunter-gatherer societies, even when other materials were readily available. Any part of the skeleton can potentially be utilized; however, antlers and long bones provide some of the best working material. Long bone fragments can be shaped, by scraping against an abrasive stone, into such items as arrow and spear points, needles, awls, and fish hooks. In places, such as East Germany they utilize the numerous bones they could obtain from an animal. Bone tools had mainly been made from bone splinters or were cut into a useful shape. Archaeologists are convinced about bone tools are purposefully made by a series of deer antlers specifically cut into shape. The bone was fashioned into tools such as spoons, knives, awls, pins, fish hooks, needles, flakers, hide scrapers and beamers. They made musical rasps, flutes and whistles as well as toys of bone. Decoratively carved articles were also made of bone such as hair combs, hair pins and pendants. Antler is much harder than bone and was used for flakers, points, knives and hair combs. Even the teeth and hooves did not go to waste. The teeth were drilled and used for decoration on clothing and necklaces. The hooves were also drilled and used for decoration on clothing as well as strung for rattles and bells. As an organic material, bone often does not survive in a way that is archaeologically recoverable. However, under the right conditions, bone tools do sometimes survive and many have been recovered from locations around the world representing time periods throughout history and prehistory. Also many examples have been collected ethnographically, and some traditional peoples, as well as experimental archaeologists, continue to use bone to make tools.

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