La osteoporosis es una enfermedad que afecta a los huesos y está provocada por la disminución del tejido que lo forma, tanto de las proteínas que constituyen su matriz o estructura como de las sales minerales de calcio que contiene. Como consecuencia de ello, el hueso es menos resistente y más frágil de lo normal, tiene menos resistencia a las caídas y se rompe con relativa facilidad tras un traumatismo, produciéndose fracturas o microfracturas. La OMS la define en mujeres como una densidad mineral ósea menor o igual de 2,5 desviación estándar por debajo de la masa ósea promedio de personas sanas de 20 años, medida por densitometría ósea. La densidad mineral de los huesos se mide mediante una prueba médica que se llama densitometría ósea. La osteoporosis no provoca síntomas y suele pasar desapercibida, motivo por el cual se la ha denominado "la epidemia silenciosa". Las manifestaciones clínicas de la osteoporosis aparecen como consecuencia de sus complicaciones: las fracturas. Sin embargo, existe el error extendido de considerar que la pérdida de masa ósea provoca dolores musculoesqueléticos. Esta afección se produce sobre todo en mujeres, amenorreicas o posmenopáusicas debido a la disminución de la producción de estrógenos por los ovarios y otras carencias hormonales. No obstante, hay un número considerable de causas de osteoporosis a cualquier edad que no suelen ser reconocidas ni valoradas, entre las que destacan la enfermedad celíaca, la gammapatía monoclonal de significado incierto, la insuficiencia renal, la diabetes mellitus y la acidosis tubular renal. Otros factores que aumentan el riesgo de presentar osteoporosis son la deficiencia de calcio y vitamina D por malnutrición, el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y la vida sedentaria. La práctica de ejercicio físico y un aporte extra de calcio antes y después de la menopausia favorecen el mantenimiento óseo.

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Osteoporosis is a disease where decreased bone strength increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Bones that commonly break include the back bones, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur following a broken bone. Osteoporosis may be due to lower than normal peak bone mass and greater than normal bone loss. Bone loss increases after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen. Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, surgical removal of the ovaries, and kidney disease. Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and steroids. Not enough exercise and smoking are also risk factors. Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult. This is typically measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the hip. Prevention of osteoporosis includes a proper diet during childhood and efforts to avoid medications that cause the condition. Efforts to prevent broken bones in those with osteoporosis include a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention. Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help. Medication of the bisphosphonate type are useful in those with previous broken bones due to osteoporosis. In those with osteoporosis but no previous broken bones they are less effective. A number of other medications may also be useful. Osteoporosis becomes more common with age. About 15% of white people in their 50s and 70% of those over 80 are affected. It is more common in women than men. In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010. In the United States in 2010 about eight million women and one to two million men had osteoporosis. White and Asian people are at greater risk. The word osteoporosis is from the Greek terms for "porous bones".

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