La fibra alimentaria se puede definir como la parte comestible de las plantas que resiste la digestión y absorción en el intestino delgado humano y que experimenta una fermentación parcial o total en el intestino grueso. Esta parte vegetal está formada por un conjunto de compuestos químicos de naturaleza heterogénea (polisacáridos, oligosacáridos, lignina y sustancias análogas). Desde el punto de vista nutricional, y en sentido estricto, la fibra alimentaria no es un nutriente, ya que no participa directamente en procesos metabólicos básicos del organismo. No obstante, la fibra alimentaria desempeña funciones fisiológicas sumamente importantes como estimular la peristalsis intestinal. La razón por la que el organismo humano no puede procesarla se debe a que el aparato digestivo no dispone de las enzimas que pueden hidrolizarla. Esto no significa que la fibra alimentaria pase intacta a través del aparato digestivo: aunque el intestino no dispone de enzimas para digerirla, las enzimas de la microbiota intestinal fermentan parcialmente la fibra y la descomponen en diversos compuestos químicos: gases (hidrógeno, dióxido de carbono y metano) y ácidos grasos de cadena corta (acetato, propionato y butirato). Éstos últimos pueden ejercer una función importante en el organismo de los seres vivos. La fibra dietética se encuentra únicamente en alimentos de origen vegetal poco procesados tecnológicamente, como los cereales, frutas, verduras y legumbres.

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Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. It has two main components: \n* Soluble fiber, which dissolves in water, is readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts, and can be prebiotic and viscous. \n* Insoluble fiber, which does not dissolve in water, is metabolically inert and provides bulking, or it can be prebiotic and metabolically ferment in the large intestine. Bulking fibers absorb water as they move through the digestive system, easing defecation. Dietary fibers can act by changing the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and by changing how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed. Some types of soluble fiber absorb water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance which is fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract. Some types of insoluble fiber have bulking action and are not fermented. Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the rate and metabolism of soluble fibers. Other types of insoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fully fermented. Some but not all soluble plant fibers block intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of potentially pathogenic bacteria and may therefore modulate intestinal inflammation, an effect that has been termed contrabiotic. Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans, cellulose, and many other plant components such as resistant starch, resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides. A novel position has been adopted by the US Department of Agriculture to include functional fibers as isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet. The term "fiber" is something of a misnomer, since many types of so-called dietary fiber are not actually fibrous. Food sources of dietary fiber are often divided according to whether they provide (predominantly) soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foods contain both types of fiber in varying degrees, according to the plant's characteristics. Advantages of consuming fiber are the production of healthful compounds during the fermentation of soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber's ability (via its passive hygroscopic properties) to increase bulk, soften stool, and shorten transit time through the intestinal tract. A disadvantage of a diet high in fiber is the potential for significant intestinal gas production and bloating.

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