Las varices (singular variz o várice) son dilataciones venosas que se caracterizan por la incapacidad de establecer un retorno eficaz de la sangre al corazón (Insuficiencia venosa). Las más habituales son las de los miembros inferiores. Se producen por una alteración de las válvulas venosas, dispositivos situados dentro de la luz de la vena en forma de un doble nido de golondrina que permite el flujo unidireccional de la sangre en dirección al retorno cardíaco y, a su vez, impide el reflujo de esta a la periferia (reflujo venoso retrógrado). Las várices se forman cuando las válvulas venosas no cierran bien, entonces la sangre comienza a acumularse en las venas, haciendo que se dilaten. Las varices se pueden encontrar en otros sitios como el esófago (várices esofágicas), región anal (hemorroides o almorranas (venas abultadas de la zona del ano que al producirse esta enfermedad se ven a simple vista desde el exterior) o en testículos (varicocele).

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Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins can occur elsewhere. Veins have pairs of leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (retrograde flow or venous reflux). Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart (the skeletal-muscle pump), against the effects of gravity. When veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work (valvular incompetence). This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more. Varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of the legs, which are subject to high pressure when standing. Besides being a cosmetic problem, varicose veins can be painful, especially when standing. Severe long-standing varicose veins can lead to leg swelling, venous eczema, skin thickening (lipodermatosclerosis) and ulceration. Life-threatening complications are uncommon, but varicose veins may be confused with deep vein thrombosis, which may be life-threatening. Non-surgical treatments include sclerotherapy, elastic stockings, leg elevation and exercise. The traditional surgical treatment has been vein stripping to remove the affected veins. Newer, less invasive treatments which seal the main leaking vein are available. Alternative techniques, such as ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy, radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser treatment, are available as well. Because most of the blood in the legs is returned by the deep veins, the superficial veins, which return only about 10% of the total blood of the legs, can usually be removed or ablated without serious harm. Secondary varicose veins are those developing as collateral pathways, typically after stenosis or occlusion of the deep veins, a common sequel of extensive deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Treatment options are usually support stockings, occasionally sclerotherapy and rarely, limited surgery. Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins (blue veins) and telangiectasias (spider veins), which also involve valvular insufficiency, by the size and location of the veins. Many patients who suffer with varicose veins seek out the assistance of physicians who specialize in vein care or peripheral vascular disease. These physicians include vascular surgeons, phlebologists or interventional radiologists.

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