Las matemáticas discretas son un área de las matemáticas encargadas del estudio de los conjuntos discretos: finitos o infinitos numerables. En oposición a las matemáticas continuas, que se encargan del estudio de conceptos como la continuidad y el cambio continuo, la matemáticas discretas estudian estructuras cuyos elementos pueden contarse uno por uno separadamente. Es decir, los procesos en matemáticas discretas son contables, como por ejemplo, los números enteros, grafos y sentencias de lógica. Mientras que el cálculo infinitesimal está fundado en los números reales que no son numerables, la matemática discreta es la base de todo lo relacionado con los números naturales o conjuntos numerables. Son fundamentales para la ciencia de la computación, porque sólo son computables las funciones de conjuntos numerables. La clave en matemáticas discretas es que no es posible manejar las ideas de proximidad o límite y suavidad en las curvas, como se puede en el cálculo. Por ejemplo, en matemáticas discretas una incógnita puede ser 2 ó 3, pero nunca se aproximará a 3 por la izquierda con 2.9, 2.99, 2.999, etc. Las gráficas en matemáticas discretas vienen dadas por un conjunto finito de puntos que se pueden contar por separado; es decir, sus variables son discretas o digitales, mientras que las gráficas en cálculo son trazos continuos de rectas o curvas; es decir, sus variables son continuas o analógicas.

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Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as calculus and analysis. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers. More formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact definition of the term "discrete mathematics." Indeed, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions. The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business. Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits. Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. Conversely, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems, such as in operations research. Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from continuous mathematics are often employed as well. In university curricula, "Discrete Mathematics" appeared in the 1980s, initially as a computer science support course; its contents were somewhat haphazard at the time. The curriculum has thereafter developed in conjunction with efforts by ACM and MAA into a course that is basically intended to develop mathematical maturity in freshmen; as such it is nowadays a prerequisite for mathematics majors in some universities as well. Some high-school-level discrete mathematics textbooks have appeared as well. At this level, discrete mathematics is sometimes seen as a preparatory course, not unlike precalculus in this respect. The Fulkerson Prize is awarded for outstanding papers in discrete mathematics.

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