Reforma agraria es un conjunto de medidas políticas, económicas, sociales y legislativas impulsadas con el fin de modificar la estructura de la propiedad y producción de la tierra en un lugar determinado. Las reformas agrarias buscan solucionar dos problemas interrelacionados, la concentración de la propiedad de la tierra en pocos dueños (latifundismo) y la baja productividad agrícola debido al no empleo de tecnologías o a la especulación con los precios de la tierra que impide o desestima su uso productivo.En los sesenta se concretaron importantes cambios agrarios impulsados por diversas causas. Las formas de cambiar la tenencia de la tierra son por medio de la expropiación de la tierra sin indemnización o mediante algún mecanismo de compensación a los antiguos propietarios. Generalmente los resultados sociales son la creación de una clase de pequeños y medianos agricultores que desplazan la hegemonía de los latifundistas.

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Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. Land reform can, therefore, refer to transfer of ownership from the more powerful to the less powerful, such as from a relatively small number of wealthy (or noble) owners with extensive land holdings (e.g., plantations, large ranches, or agribusiness plots) to individual ownership by those who work the land. Such transfers of ownership may be with or without compensation; compensation may vary from token amounts to the full value of the land. Land reform may also entail the transfer of land from individual ownership—even peasant ownership in smallholdings—to government-owned collective farms; it has also, in other times and places, referred to the exact opposite: division of government-owned collective farms into smallholdings. The common characteristic of all land reforms, however, is modification or replacement of existing institutional arrangements governing possession and use of land. Thus, while land reform may be radical in nature, such as through large-scale transfers of land from one group to another, it can also be less dramatic, such as regulatory reforms aimed at improving land administration. Nonetheless, any revision or reform of a country's land laws can still be an intensely political process, as reforming land policies serves to change relationships within and between communities, as well as between communities and the state. Thus even small-scale land reforms and legal modifications may be subject to intense debate or conflict.

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