En el ámbito de la ciencia de materiales y la física del estado sólido, las dislocaciones son defectos de la red cristalina de dimensión uno, es decir, que afectan a una fila de puntos de la red de Bravais. Las dislocaciones están definidas por el vector de Burgers, el cual permite pasar de un punto de la red al obtenido tras aplicar la dislocación al mismo. Las dislocaciones suceden con mayor probabilidad en las direcciones compactas de un cristal y son sumamente importantes para explicar el comportamiento elástico de los metales, así como su maleabilidad, puesto que la deformación plástica puede ocurrir por desplazamiento de dislocaciones.

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In materials science, a dislocation is a crystallographic defect, or irregularity, within a crystal structure. The presence of dislocations strongly influences many of the properties of materials. The theory describing the elastic fields of the defects was originally developed by Vito Volterra in 1907, but the term 'dislocation' to refer to a defect on the atomic scale was coined by G. I. Taylor in 1934. Some types of dislocations can be visualized as being caused by the termination of a plane of atoms in the middle of a crystal. In such a case, the surrounding planes are not straight, but instead they bend around the edge of the terminating plane so that the crystal structure is perfectly ordered on either side. The analogy with a stack of paper is apt: if half a piece of paper is inserted in a stack of paper, the defect in the stack is only noticeable at the edge of the half sheet. The two primary types of dislocations are edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Mixed dislocations are intermediate between these. Mathematically, dislocations are a type of topological defect, sometimes called a soliton. Dislocations behave as stable particles: they can move around, but maintain their identity. Two dislocations of opposite orientation can cancel when brought together, but a single dislocation typically cannot "disappear" on its own.

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