La astrodinámica es el estudio de las órbitas, especialmente el de los satélites artificiales y sondas espaciales. El movimiento de los planetas y otros cuerpos naturales es dominio de la mecánica celeste, disciplina que consiste en la aplicación de las leyes de Newton del movimiento y de la ley de la gravitación universal.Es la astronomía que estudia la dinámica de los objetos del espacio.

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Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton's laws of motion and of universal gravitation. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control. Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbital dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including both spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbit plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of propulsive maneuvers. General relativity is a more exact theory than Newton's laws for calculating orbits, and is sometimes necessary for greater accuracy or in high-gravity situations (such as orbits close to the Sun).

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