Una marea roja es una excesiva proliferación de microalgas (específicamente dinoflagelados) en los estuarios o el mar, causada por diferentes tipos de algas presentes en número elevado (miles o millones de células por milímetro cúbico). La marea roja es un tipo específico de bloom de algas, en que a causa de una serie de mecanismos que se producen en el ambiente acuático se produce una coloración roja (entre otras cosas por presencia de algas rojas), y elevadas concentraciones de toxinas. A veces se suele utilizar en forma errónea este término para cualquier proliferación masiva de microalgas. La alta concentración de estos microorganismos planctónicos, algunos de los cuales producen toxinas, causa pérdidas económicas para la acuicultura. Esto es debido a la acumulación de estas toxinas en animales microfiltradores, principalmente moluscos como el mejillón (Mytilus galloprovincialis o Mytilus edulis), la almeja (Venerupis sp.), la ostra (Ostrea edulis) o la vieira (Pecten maximus).

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Red tide is a common name for a phenomenon known as an algal bloom (large concentrations of aquatic microorganisms) when it is caused by a few species of dinoflagellates and the bloom takes on a red or brown color. Red tides are events in which estuarine, marine, or fresh water algae accumulate rapidly in the water column, resulting in coloration of the surface water. It is usually found in coastal areas. It kills many manatees every year. These algae, known as phytoplankton, are single-celled protists, plant-like organisms that can form dense, visible patches near the water's surface. Certain species of phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, contain photosynthetic pigments that vary in color from green to brown to red. When the algae are present in high concentrations, the water appears to be discolored or murky, varying in color from purple to almost pink, normally being red or green. Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discoloration, and not all discolored waters associated with algal blooms are red. Additionally, red tides are not typically associated with tidal movement of water, hence the preference among scientists to use the term algal bloom. Some red tides are associated with the production of natural toxins, depletion of dissolved oxygen or other harmful effects, and are generally described as harmful algal blooms. The most conspicuous effects of these kinds of red tides are the associated wildlife mortalities of marine and coastal species of fish, birds, marine mammals, and other organisms.

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