El contrato de prenda consiste en que una parte (el deudor) entrega una cosa mueble a la otra parte (el acreedor), con la finalidad de obtener una garantía y seguridad de un crédito, de tal manera que le otorga la posesión pignoraticia y con ello la facultad de retener la cosa empeñada y, en su caso, realizarla y pagarse preferentemente con el producto de dicha realización, si el deudor no cumple la obligación garantizada. La cosa entregada no pasa a ser propiedad del acreedor, sino que su derecho es mucho más limitado en cuanto que sólo es posesorio en garantía, sin que pueda el acreedor apropiarse sin más de la cosa pignorada (prohibición del pacto comisorio). Con la perfección del contrato de prenda nace, y se constituye, un derecho real de crédito sobre la cosa mueble entregada, por el cual el beneficiario puede vender la cosa para satisfacer su crédito sin importar el propietario de la misma (dado que el propietario, desde la constitución de la prenda hasta su ejecución puede haberla vendido). Como medida de protección frente a terceros, la regulación de la prenda establece que el bien mueble objeto de la garantía pase a estar en posesión del acreedor. De esta forma, el deudor no puede venderlo a otro que desconociese la existencia de la carga, ni gravarlo en garantía de otros débitos, que hagan inviable su valor de realización. Para los casos de prenda sin desplazamiento son necesarios otros requisitos como la inscripción registral.

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A pledge is a bailment that conveys possessory title to property owned by a debtor (the pledgor) to a creditor (the pledgee) to secure repayment for some debt or obligation and to the mutual benefit of both parties. The term is also used to denote the property which constitutes the security. A pledge is type of security interest. Pledge is the pignus of Roman law, from which most of the modern European-based law on the subject is derived, but is generally a feature of even the most basic legal systems. It differs from hypothecation and from the more usual mortgage in that the pledge is in the possession of the pledgee. It is similar, however, in that all three can apply to personal and real property. A pledge of personal property is known as a pawn and that of real property is called an antichresis. In earlier medieval law, especially in Germanic law, two types of pledge existed, being either possessory (cf. Old English wed, Old French gage, Old High German wetti, Latin pignus depositum), i.e. delivered from the outset, or non-possessory (cf. OE bād, OFr nam, nant, OHG pfant, L pignus oppositum), i.e. distrained on the maturity date, and the latter essentially gave rise to the legal principle of distraint. This distinction still remains in some systems, e.g. French gage vs. nantissement and Dutch vuistpand vs. stil pand. Token, symbolic reciprocal pledges were commonly incorporated into formal ceremonies as a way of solidifying agreements and other transactions. The chief difference between Roman and English law is that certain things (e.g. apparel, furniture and instruments of tillage) could not be pledged in Roman law, while there is no such restriction in English law. In the case of a pledge, a special property passes to the pledgee, sufficient to enable him to maintain an action against a wrongdoer, but the general property, that is the property subject to the pledge, remains in the pledgor. As the pledge is for the benefit of both parties, the pledgee is bound to exercise only ordinary care over the pledge. The pledgee has the right of selling the pledge if the pledgor fails to make payment at the stipulated time. No right is acquired by the wrongful sale of a pledge except in the case of property passing by delivery, such as money or negotiable securities. In the case of a wrongful sale by a pledgee, the pledgor cannot recover the value of the pledge without a tender of the amount due. The law of Scotland and the United States generally agrees with that of England as to pledges. The main difference is that in Scotland and in Louisiana a pledge cannot be sold unless with judicial authority. In some of the U.S. states the common law as it existed apart from the Factors Acts is still followed; in others the factor has more or less restricted power to give a title by pledge.

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