La elefantiasis es un síndrome caracterizado por el aumento enorme de algunas partes del cuerpo, especialmente en las extremidades inferiores y en los órganos genitales externos. Puede producirse por diversas enfermedades inflamatorias persistentes, producida por diversas espiroquetas, treponemas y parásitos, muy especialmente en los países cálidos del grupo de la filaria, con más de 250 millones de casos registrados hasta 2007.

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Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a human disease caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms. Most cases of the disease have no symptoms. Some people, however, develop a syndrome called elephantiasis, which is marked by severe swelling in the arms, legs, or genitals. The skin may also become thicker, and pain may occur. The changes to the body can cause social and economic problems for the affected person. The worms are spread by the bites of infected mosquitoes. Three types of worms are known to cause the disease: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, with Wuchereria bancrofti being the most common. These worms damage the lymphatic system. The disease is diagnosed by microscopic examination of blood collected during the night. The blood is typically examined as a smear after being stained with Giemsa stain. Testing the blood for antibodies against the disease may also permit diagnosis. Other roundworms from the same family are responsible for river blindness. Prevention can be achieved by treating entire groups in which the disease exists, known as mass deworming. This is done every year for about six years, in an effort to rid a population of the disease entirely. Medications used include antiparasitics such as albendazole with ivermectin, or albendazole with diethylcarbamazine. The medications do not kill the adult worms but prevent further spread of the disease until the worms die on their own. Efforts to prevent mosquito bites are also recommended, including reducing the number of mosquitoes and promoting the use of bed nets. Lymphatic filariasis is one of the main neglected tropical diseases and one of the four main worm infections. More than 120 million people are infected with lymphatic filariasis and about 1.4 billion people are at risk of the disease in 73 countries. It is most common in tropical Africa and Asia. The disease results in economic losses of many billions of dollars a year.

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