La alfabetización es la habilidad de usar texto para comunicarse a través del espacio y del tiempo. Se reduce a menudo a la habilidad de leer y escribir, o a veces, sólo a la de leer, e incluso únicamente a la enseñanza de tal habilidad. Los estándares para los que se constituyen los niveles de alfabetización varían entre las diferentes sociedades. Algunas otras destrezas como la informática o las nociones elementales de cálculo aritmético básicas también se pueden incluir en definiciones más amplias de alfabetización.[cita requerida] El Día Internacional de la Alfabetización se celebra el 8 de septiembre.

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Literacy is traditionally understood as the ability to read, write, and use arithmetic. The modern term's meaning has been expanded to include the ability to use language, numbers, images, computers, and other basic means to understand, communicate, gain useful knowledge and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture. The concept of literacy is expanding in OECD countries to include skills to access knowledge through technology and ability to assess complex contexts. The key to literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), spelling patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for reading fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired, the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to apply to printed material critical analysis, inference and synthesis; to write with accuracy and coherence; and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought. The inability to do so is called illiteracy or analphabetism. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the "ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society".

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