Autocrítica era el reconocimiento público de los propios errores al que estaban obligados los miembros de los partidos comunistas ante las autoridades del partido y en su caso de los regímenes comunistas, iniciado durante el leninismo, pero que tiene su origen en la propia dialéctica marxista (método para resolver las contradicciones entendidas como la fuerza dinámica que conduce a la transformación de la realidad, de origen hegeliano, expresado en la tríada tesis-antítesis-síntesis) y en tradiciones marxistas posteriores, como el revisionismo de Eduard Bernstein. El término se aplica de forma general a otros contextos, con o sin referencia explícita al de la autocrítica marxista.

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Self-criticism involves how an individual evaluates his or her self. Self-criticism is typically studied and discussed as a negative personality trait in which a person has a disrupted self identity. The opposite of self-criticism would be someone who has a coherent, comprehensive, and generally positive self-identity. Self-criticism is often associated with Major Depressive Disorder. Some theorists define self-criticism as a mark of a certain type of depression (introjective depression), and in general people with depression tend to be more self critical than those without depression. People with depression are typically higher on self-criticism than people without depression, and even after depressive episodes they will continue to display self-critical personalities. Much of the scientific focus on self-criticism is because of its association with depression. Self-criticism is therefore not only an important facet of personality psychology, but is intimately tied to depression. Self-criticism is often a part of the experience of depression, and a focus on this personality trait could improve how we deal with and treat that disorder.

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