La nefrología es la especialidad médica rama de la medicina interna que se ocupa del estudio de la estructura y la función renal, tanto en la salud como en la enfermedad, incluyendo la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades renales. La palabra nefrología deriva de la voz griega νεφρός (nephrós), que significa riñón, y del sufijo -logía (estudio, tratado).

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Nephrology (from Greek νεφρός nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Systemic conditions that affect the kidneys (such as diabetes and autoimmune disease) and systemic problems that occur as a result of kidney problems (such as renal osteodystrophy and hypertension) are also studied in nephrology. A physician who has undertaken additional training to become an expert in nephrology may call themselves a nephrologist or renal physician. The term "nephrology" itself was first used in about 1960, before that it was usually referred to as "kidney medicine".

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