La parálisis cerebral es un trastorno permanente y no progresivo que afecta a la psicomotricidad del paciente. En un nuevo consenso internacional, se propone como definición: “La parálisis cerebral describe un grupo de trastornos del desarrollo psicomotor, que causan una limitación de la actividad de la persona, atribuída a problemas en el desarrollo cerebral del feto o del niño. Los desórdenes psicomotrices de la parálisis cerebral están a menudo acompañados de problemas sensitivos, cognitivos, de comunicación y percepción, y en algunas ocasiones, de trastornos del comportamiento”. Las lesiones cerebrales de la PC ocurren desde el período fetal hasta la edad de 3 años. Los daños cerebrales después de la edad de 3 años hasta el período adulto pueden manifestarse como PC, pero, por definición, estas lesiones no son PC. Hay autores que recomiendan, en determinados casos, no establecer el diagnóstico de PC hasta los 5 años de edad. La incidencia de esta condición en países desarrollados es de aproximadamente 2 – 2,5 por cada mil nacimientos. Esta incidencia no ha bajado en los últimos 60 años a pesar de los avances médicos como la monitorización de las constantes vitales de los fetos. La Parálisis cerebral no tiene cura conocida; la intervención médica aparece como una ayuda. Estos tratamientos para el desarrollo personal del paciente se introducen en su vida diaria durante toda la vida. La parálisis cerebral es un término que agrupa un grupo de diferentes condiciones. Hay que tener en cuenta que no hay dos personas con parálisis cerebral con las mismas características o el mismo diagnóstico. La Parálisis cerebral está dividida en cuatro tipos, que describen los problemas de movilidad que presentan. Esta división refleja el área del cerebro que está dañada. Las cuatro clasificaciones son: espástica, atetoide, atáxica, mixta.

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among people. Often, symptoms include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, swallowing, and speaking. Often babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl, or walk as early as other children their age. Difficulty with the ability to think or reason and seizures each occurs in about one third of people with CP. While the symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life, the underlying problems do not worsen over time. Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often the problems occur during pregnancy; however, they may also occur during childbirth, or shortly after birth. Often the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis or rubella, exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life, among others. About 2% of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause. A number of sub-types are classified based on the specific problems present. For example, those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy, those with poor coordination have ataxic cerebral palsy, and those with writhing movements have athetoid cerebral palsy. Diagnosis is based on the child's development over time. Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes. CP is partly preventable through immunization of the mother and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as through improved safety. There is no cure for CP; however, supportive treatments, medications, and surgery may help many individuals. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. Medications such as diazepam, baclofen, and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles. Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves. Often external braces and other assistive technology are helpful. Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment. While alternative medicines are frequently used there is no evidence to support their use. CP is the most common movement disorder in children. It occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births. Cerebral palsy has been documented throughout history with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE. Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little, after whom spastic diplegia was called "Little disease". William Osler first named it "cerebral palsy" from the German "zerebrale Kinderlähmung" (cerebral child-paralysis). A number of potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy. However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe.

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