Un Estado colchón (o Estado tapón) es un término geopolítico para designar un país situado entre dos grandes potencias previsiblemente hostiles, y que, por su propia existencia, se cree que puede prevenir el conflicto entre las mismas. Por lo general, cuando un Estado colchón es realmente independiente, su política exterior tiene una orientación neutralista. El concepto de Estado colchón se formó en los medios diplomáticos de la Europa del siglo XVII, si bien en retrospectiva se pueden encontrar ejemplos de dichos Estados en todas las épocas.

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A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers. Its existence can sometimes be thought to prevent conflict between them. A buffer state is sometimes a mutually agreed upon area lying between two greater powers, which is demilitarized in the sense of not hosting the military of either power (though it will usually have its own military forces). The invasion of a buffer state by one of the powers surrounding it will often result in war between the powers. Research shows that buffer states are significantly more likely to be conquered and occupied than are nonbuffer states. This is because "states that great powers have an interest in preserving—buffer states—are in fact in a high-risk group for death. Regional or great powers surrounding buffer states face a strategic imperative to take over buffer states: if these powers fail to act against the buffer, they fear that their opponent will take it over in their stead. By contrast, these concerns do not apply to nonbuffer states, where powers face no competition for influence or control." Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite states. The concept of buffer states is part of the theory of balance of power that entered European strategic and diplomatic thinking in the 17th century.

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