En biología, el núcleo celular es un orgánulo membranoso el cual se encuentra en el centro de las células eucariotas. Contiene la mayor parte del material genético celular, organizado en múltiples moléculas lineales de ADN de gran longitud formando complejos con una gran variedad de proteínas como las histonas para formar los cromosomas. El conjunto de genes de esos cromosomas se denomina genoma nuclear. La función del núcleo es mantener la integridad de esos genes y controlar las actividades celulares regulando la expresión génica. Por ello se dice que el núcleo es el centro de control de la célula. La principal estructura que constituye el núcleo es la envoltura nuclear, una doble membrana que rodea completamente al orgánulo y separa ese contenido del citoplasma, además de contar con poros nucleares que permiten el paso a través de la membrana para la expresión genética y el mantenimiento cromosómico. Aunque el interior del núcleo no contiene ningún subcompartimento membranoso, su contenido no es uniforme, existiendo una cierta cantidad de cuerpos subnucleares compuestos por tipos exclusivos de proteínas, moléculas de ARN y segmentos particulares de los cromosomas. El mejor conocido de todos ellos es el nucléolo, que principalmente está implicado en la síntesis de los ribosomas. Tras ser producidos en el nucléolo, éstos se exportan al citoplasma, donde traducen el ARNm.

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In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have , and a few others have many. Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole. Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA..

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