La teoría de códigos es una especialidad matemática que trata de las leyes de la codificación de la información. A grandes rasgos, codificar es transformar una información en una señal convenida para su comunicación. Decodificar sería el proceso inverso y complementario del anterior por el cual la señal comunicada es transformada en la información original. El auge de las comunicaciones a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX motivó un fuerte desarrollo de la teoría de códigos.

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Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error-correction, and networking. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data. There are four types of coding: 1. \n* Data compression (or, source coding) 2. \n* Error correction (or channel coding) 3. \n* Cryptographic coding 4. \n* Line coding Data compression attempts to compress the data from a source in order to transmit it more efficiently. For example, Zip data compression makes data files smaller to reduce Internet traffic. Data compression and error correction may be studied in combination. Error correction adds extra data bits to make the transmission of data more robust to disturbances present on the transmission channel. The ordinary user may not be aware of many applications using error correction. A typical music CD uses the Reed-Solomon code to correct for scratches and dust. In this application the transmission channel is the CD itself. Cell phones also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems, telephone transmissions, and NASA all employ channel coding techniques to get the bits through, for example the turbo code and LDPC codes.

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