Se denomina ascetismo o ascética a la doctrina filosófica y religiosa que busca purificar el espíritu por medio de la negación de los placeres materiales o abstinencia; al conjunto de procedimientos y conductas de doctrina moral que se basa en la oposición sistemática al cumplimiento de necesidades de diversa índole que dependerá, en mayor o menor medida, del grado y orientación de que se trate. En muchas tradiciones religiosas, la ascética es un modo de acceso místico. La mayoría de los sistemas ascéticos desdeñan las necesidades fisiológicas del individuo por considerarlas de orden inferior. En Occidente, las primeras doctrinas ascéticas surgieron en la antigua Grecia. Sin embargo, este tipo de prácticas ya eran milenarias en Oriente. El ascetismo alcanzó su mayor difusión al incorporarse a sistemas religiosos como el budismo, el cristianismo y el islamismo.

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Asceticism (/əˈsɛtɪsɪzəm/; from the Greek: ἄσκησις áskesis, "exercise" or "training") is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their practices or continue to be part of their society, but typically adopt a frugal lifestyle, characterised by the renunciation of material possessions and physical pleasures, and time spent fasting while concentrating on the practice of religion or reflection upon spiritual matters. Asceticism is classified into two types. "Natural asceticism" consists of a lifestyle where material aspects of life are reduced to utmost simplicity and a minimum but without maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer, while "unnatural asceticism" is defined as a practice that involves body mortification and self infliction of pain such as by sleeping on a bed of nails. Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious traditions, including Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Mainstream Islam has lacked asceticism, except for its minority Sufi sect whose long tradition has included strict asceticism. The practitioners of these religions eschewed worldly pleasures and led an abstinent lifestyle, in the pursuit of redemption, salvation or spirituality. Asceticism is seen in the ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the frugal is plenty.

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